Home → Research
Peptide research library

Peptide research, without the hype.

Sixty-five deep guides to peptide medicines and experimental compounds people actually search for — what the published trials found, what the evidence does not support, and where each compound stands with regulators. Every claim links to its source on PubMed.

Educational only. These pages summarize published research. PepMate does not diagnose, treat, prescribe, recommend peptides, or provide dosing — and neither does anything you read here. Talk to a licensed clinician about your own care.

How to read these guides

Most peptide content online falls into one of two traps: it either sells you something, or it repeats a claim that traces back to a mouse study from 2003. These guides are built to avoid both.

Each article separates four very different things that peptide marketing routinely blurs together: FDA-approved drugs with phase 3 trial programs behind them; investigational drugs still in trials and not legally sold to consumers; compounded or off-label prescriptions; and unapproved research chemicals sold online with animal-only data and no purity oversight. Semaglutide and BPC-157 both get called "peptides" — they are not in the same universe of evidence.

Where the human evidence is thin, we say so. Where a trial reported a number, we give the number, the trial, and the link. And nowhere on this site will you find a dose, a protocol, or a cycle — that is a conversation for you and a clinician, not a website.

GLP-1 & metabolic peptides

The best-evidenced corner of the field. These are prescription medications with large randomized trials, real cardiovascular-outcome data, and well-characterized side effects — plus the investigational next generation.

Pillar guide

GLP-1 agonists explained

The whole drug class in one place: how GLP-1 signaling works, every agent from exenatide to retatrutide, what the outcome trials showed, and the class-wide warnings.

Read the guide →
Pillar guide

Peptides for weight loss

An honest evidence tier list — which weight-loss peptides have phase 3 trials behind them, and which are sold online on the strength of animal data alone.

Read the guide →
Investigational

Retatrutide

The triple GIP/GLP-1/glucagon agonist behind the biggest phase 2 weight-loss numbers yet recorded — and why it is still not something you can legally buy.

Read the guide →
FDA approved

Tirzepatide

SURMOUNT-1, SURPASS, and the head-to-head that put it ahead of semaglutide — plus side effects and what happens when people stop.

Read the guide →
FDA approved

Semaglutide

The STEP program, the SELECT cardiovascular results, the weight regain data after withdrawal, and the compounded-semaglutide mess.

Read the guide →
FDA approved

Ozempic

What Ozempic is approved for, why so many people take it off-label for weight, and how it differs from Wegovy despite being the same molecule.

Read the guide →
FDA approved

Wegovy

Semaglutide 2.4 mg for chronic weight management — trial results, eligibility, the cardiovascular indication, and the cost reality.

Read the guide →
FDA approved

Mounjaro

Tirzepatide under its diabetes brand: the SURPASS trials, how dual GIP+GLP-1 differs from GLP-1 alone, and approval status by region.

Read the guide →
FDA approved

Liraglutide

The daily GLP-1 that started the modern weight-management era, what SCALE actually showed, and why weekly agents overtook it.

Read the guide →
Investigational

Cagrilintide

The long-acting amylin analog and the CagriSema combination — a different satiety pathway, and what the phase 3 data looked like.

Read the guide →
Weak evidence

AOD9604

The growth-hormone fragment marketed as a fat burner. The animal lipolysis data is real; the human weight-loss evidence is not what the ads imply.

Read the guide →

Repair & recovery peptides

The most hyped category online and the thinnest in human trials. These guides lay out exactly what the preclinical work shows and where the clinical evidence stops.

Growth-hormone axis peptides

Secretagogues and GHRH analogs sold widely by anti-aging clinics. One of them is FDA approved for a narrow indication; the rest are not approved for anything.

Brain, longevity & cellular peptides

Nootropic and anti-aging compounds, several approved in Russia but nowhere else, and several whose entire reputation rests on cell-line work.

Other high-demand peptides

Three compounds that generate enormous search volume for very different reasons — one approved by the FDA, one immunomodulator approved abroad, and one with a documented harm record.

30 more peptide research guides

The expanded library covers established peptide medicines and heavily searched experimental compounds. Each page separates approved use, human research, preclinical evidence, and unsupported marketing.

Metabolic peptide medicines

Established and emerging peptide medicines for diabetes, rare genetic obesity, and appetite regulation, separated by indication and evidence strength.

Growth and performance peptides

Frequently marketed GH-axis and muscle-growth compounds, with a hard line between endocrine pharmacology and unsupported performance claims.

Brain and longevity peptides

Neuroactive and mitochondrial peptides whose reputations often run far ahead of controlled human evidence.

Immune and repair peptides

Endogenous immune-signaling peptides with convincing laboratory biology but limited evidence as stand-alone human therapies.

Reproductive hormone peptides

Peptides that act on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, from experimental kisspeptin protocols to established GnRH agonists.

Gastrointestinal peptide medicines

Peptide medicines that act locally in the gut or support intestinal adaptation, with randomized trials and narrow approved indications.

Specialist peptide medicines

Approved peptide therapies used in porphyria, neuroendocrine disease, osteoporosis, and severe chronic pain.

Head-to-head comparisons

The direct comparisons people search before a clinic appointment — built on head-to-head trials where they exist, and explicit about when they do not.

Practical guides

The questions that come after the research: what the law says, why clinicians care about site rotation, and how to keep a record you can actually hand to a doctor.

Landmark clinical trials

Standalone breakdowns of the trials the drug guides keep citing — design, population, primary and secondary results, and limitations, each with the PubMed record and ClinicalTrials.gov registration.

Semaglutide · NEJM 2021

STEP 1

The trial that set the modern benchmark: −14.9% mean weight loss over 68 weeks with weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg.

Read the breakdown →
Tirzepatide · NEJM 2022

SURMOUNT-1

Tirzepatide's 72-week obesity trial — up to −20.9% at the 15 mg dose, with 57% reaching ≥20% loss.

Read the breakdown →
Head-to-head · NEJM 2025

SURMOUNT-5

The direct comparison: tirzepatide −20.2% vs semaglutide −13.7% at 72 weeks.

Read the breakdown →
Cardiovascular · NEJM 2023

SELECT

17,604 patients: semaglutide cut major cardiovascular events ~20% (HR 0.80) — the first weight drug to show it.

Read the breakdown →
Investigational · NEJM 2025

REDEFINE 1

CagriSema (cagrilintide + semaglutide) reached −20.4% at 68 weeks — still not approved anywhere.

Read the breakdown →
Tirzepatide · NEJM 2021

SURPASS-2

Tirzepatide vs semaglutide in type 2 diabetes — superior A1c and weight reduction on metformin.

Read the breakdown →
Semaglutide · Lancet 2021

STEP 2

Semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight in people with type 2 diabetes — the harder-to-move population.

Read the breakdown →
Semaglutide · JAMA 2021

STEP 4

The withdrawal trial: stopping semaglutide reverses the loss — why obesity is treated long-term.

Read the breakdown →
Cardiovascular · NEJM 2016

SUSTAIN-6

Semaglutide's cardiovascular-outcomes trial in type 2 diabetes — the diabetes counterpart to SELECT.

Read the breakdown →
Tirzepatide · NEJM 2024

SURMOUNT-OSA

Tirzepatide cut the apnea-hypopnea index in obstructive sleep apnea — basis for the OSA indication.

Read the breakdown →

How the drugs work: mechanisms

The receptors and pathways every drug guide refers back to — what they are, what activating them does, and why the newer dual and triple agonists were designed the way they are.

Conditions these drugs treat

The diseases behind the prescriptions — what they are, and what the trials actually showed for each.

Research glossary

The terms that decide what a trial number actually means — defined in plain English so you can read the studies, not just the headlines.

Frequently asked questions

Does PepMate recommend or prescribe peptides?

No. PepMate is a tracking and reminder app, and these research pages are educational summaries of published literature. Nothing here diagnoses, prescribes, recommends a peptide, or provides dosing. Decisions about any medication belong to you and your licensed clinician.

Where do the facts in these articles come from?

Every article cites peer-reviewed studies indexed on PubMed, plus regulator records where approval status matters. Each page ends with a numbered source list linking directly to the original abstracts so you can check any claim yourself.

Which peptides actually have strong human evidence?

The GLP-1 class has by far the strongest human trial base: semaglutide, tirzepatide and liraglutide all have large randomized phase 3 programs. Retatrutide and cagrilintide are investigational with phase 2 or phase 3 data. Repair and longevity peptides such as BPC-157, TB-500, epitalon and MOTS-c rest largely on animal and cell research, with little or no controlled human efficacy data.

Are these guides updated?

Yes. Each article carries a last-updated date and is revised when major trial results, approvals, or regulatory changes land — the peptide and GLP-1 field moves quickly, and outdated approval status is the most common error on peptide sites.

Looking for shorter answers instead? The Peptide Q&A covers 62 quick questions, each with its own PubMed source, and mirrors the Learn tab inside the app.

Reading about it is step one. Tracking it is step two.

PepMate turns a regimen you're trying to remember into one you can actually see — doses, reminders, injection-site rotation, and notes, all on your device.

  • ✅ Build your stack from a 16-entry starter library or add custom medications
  • ✅ Weekly and daily reminders that survive a busy week
  • ✅ Injection-site rotation notes so you stop guessing where you went last
  • ✅ Log meals, workouts and steps, with optional read-only Apple Health import
  • ✅ Stored on-device — no account needed to track, no ads, no data sales